Whispering Machines: Potential Mental Health Risks of AI Chatbots.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Uttam Chandra Garg

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This presidential address examines the emerging mental health implications of artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots. While conversational AI may expand access to support and mental health information, concerns are growing regarding emotional dependence, reinforcement of reassurance-seeking behaviours, amplification of delusional beliefs through AI sycophancy, and inadequate responses to self-harm risk. Drawing upon current evidence and clinical observations, the address argues for psychiatric oversight, safety auditing, crisis-response standards, and routine assessment of chatbot use in clinical practice.Abstract
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1. HAI Stanford. Exploring the Dangers of AI in Mental Health Care [Internet]. Stanford Human-Centered AI; 2025. Available from: https://hai.stanford.edu/news/exploring-the-dangers-of-ai-in-mental-health-care 2. Phang J, Lan A, Yuan A, Seligman M, Heffner J. Investigating affective use and emotional well-being on ChatGPT [Internet]. 2025. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2501.05073 3. Golden A, Aboujaoude E. A transdiagnostic model for how general purpose AI chatbots can perpetuate OCD and anxiety disorders. Npj Digit Med. 2026. 4. Chandra K, Kleiman-Weiner M, Tenenbaum JB. Sycophantic Chatbots Cause Delusional Spiraling, Even in Ideal Bayesians. arXiv. 2026. 5. Dohnány S, Kurth-Nelson Z, Spens E, Luettgau L, Reid A, Gabriel I, et al. Technological folie à deux: Feedback loops between AI chatbots and mental illness [Internet]. 2025. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2507.19218 6. Morrin H, Nicholls L, Levin M, Yiend J, Iyengar U, DelGiudice F, et al. Delusions by design? How everyday AIs might be fuelling psychosis (and what can be done about it) [Internet]. 2025. doi:10.31234/osf.io/cmy7n_v5 7. Dupre MH, Tangermann V. Preliminary report on chatbot iatrogenic dangers. Psychiatr Times [Internet]. 2025. Available from: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/preliminary-report-on-chatbot-iatrogenic-dangers 8. American Psychological Association. Health Advisory: Use of Generative AI Chatbots and Wellness Applications for Mental Health [Internet]. American Psychological Association; 2025 Nov [cited 2026 May 2]. Available from: https://www.apa.org/topics/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/health-advisory-chatbots-wellness-apps
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